Multimodal analgesia, including opioids, NSAIDs, and local blocks, provides effective pain control for spay and neuter procedure in cats and dogs. Preemptive use and consistent pain assessment help optimise recovery and patient welfare - so, what does the literature say about different drug protocols!

Part one of this two-part series on GDVs focuses on the patient’s initial presentation, stabilisation, and anaesthetic planning when they arrive at your practice.

Part two of this series on GDVs focuses on surgical management and post-operative monitoring, covering the key steps in performing a successful gastropexy and the critical care required to support recovery and reduce complications.

Endotracheal tubes are essential for maintaining the airway during anesthesia, but differences in design, material, and fit can impact safety and outcomes across species. We’ll review current evidence on tube selection, cuff management, and complications, and discuss practical tips to improve airway care in veterinary patients.

Co-inductions use a combination of drugs for anaesthetic induction, providing benefits such as reduced drug doses, smoother inductions, improved patient stability, and fewer adverse effects. However, what is the evidence regarding the drugs and their dosages?

It's not just about MAP! Understand practical approaches to evaluating the venous system in addition to your patients clinical signs, and how to use diagnostic tools to improve patient care and outcomes.

In veterinary medicine, we use a lot of human-standard single-use equipment; therefore, what is the literature on how to clean single-use equipment or infection control between patients?

Medetomidine can be administered as a premedication, a CRI, or in conjunction with nerve blocks such as epidurals. From sedation to balanced anaesthesia, dosing tricks, side effects, and when to use atipamezole. A practical overview of the pros, cons, and real-world applications of this useful α₂-agonist.

Given that gastro-oesophageal reflux is common in our anaesthetised patients, what is the literature on gastroprotectant drugs? Should we give them preemptively? Once the event has occured? Let’s dive in!